The Effect of Colonialism in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay

This essay is about the effect of Colonialism seen in the book Things Fall Apart. Through out the whole book you can see various impressions on the tribe, many other people, and the relationships between the white man and the black man. Does the white man understand our custom about land? How can he when he does not even speak our tongue? But he says that our usage are bad and our own brothers who have taken up his organized religion also say that our customs are bad. How do you think we can fight when our own brothers have turned against us? The white man is very(prenominal) clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act same one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart. (Achebe, 17) This discussion of the white man not understanding the customs and traditions, comes ever since the arriv al of the colonialists, Obierika seems to voice Achebes own thoughts on colonialism. Upset by the fact that the white men have come and completely disregarded the Igbo good sense of justice, Obierika points out the impossibility of the colonialists understanding anything about the Umuofians without speaking their language. Then he points out the foolishness of belittling unfamiliar customs. Obierika does not lay the whole send on the white mans side. He feels also that the Umuofians who have con...

The Theatre of Orson Welles :: Essays Papers

The Theatre of Orson come up I would have been more successful if Id left movies immediately, stayed in the theater, gone into politics, written, anything(Cramer). This quote from Orson Welles during an interview in 1982 produces questions about the career of one of the most celebrated filmmakers of the twentieth century. How could the director of Citizen Kane, the movie cherished as the best movie of last century, wished for his life to be void of the cinema? How could he wish to have continued in theater when most of the critical acclaim he experienced in that sensitive has been long forgotten? Most people do not even realize that Welles was an acclaimed director of theatre before Citizen Kane because Citizen Kane overshadows all of the rest of this angiotensin-converting enzyme work. Yet, Orson Welles theatre is just as important as his filmmaking because in all that he did, Welles exhibited the same artistic tendencies. His theatre was a alone(p) experience and a creative achievement, but it also inspired his later work in films. The theatre of Orson Welles provides significant insight for an understanding of his films and what went rail at with his career in Hollywood. Orson Welles was born on May 6, 1915 to Richard and Beatrice Welles. His father was in the lamp trade, but Orson often referred to him as an inventor, needing to romanticize the role of his father. His mother was a beautiful woman who gave music lessons for a living. Welles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, a city settled right next to the great Lake Michigan. Kenosha is an ordinary petty Mid-West city, the kind that seems to mock the very idea of aspiration in its occupants. Orson Welles was frightened of being thought of as ordinary and was intensely annoyed with his parents for speech him into the world in Kenosha, Wisconsin. However, in regards to this idea, Welles states, I never blamed my folks for Kenosha- Kenosha has always blamed my folks for me(Callo w 3). Whichever way one looks at it, Welles did not belong in Kenosha with his intense opposite qualities to typical Mid-West life. When Welles was four, his parents moved him to Chicago. Chicago, which was still in the Mid-West, was worlds away from his life in Kenosha.

Performance Budgeting :: American Government, Budgeting Initiatives

This paper examines the benefit of performance based budgeting as a practical theory of efficiency for government programming. Confronted by fiscal limitation and regard for improved public services, government agencies are utilizing the budget as a means to elevate government accountability and efficiency, rather than simply as a means for distributing funds and controlling expenses.Performance based budgeting has been defined as a system wherein managers are provided with the flexibility to utilize agency resources as required, in return for their commitment to achieve certain performance results. (Brewer, 3) Performance budgeting is a system of planning, budgeting, and evaluation that emphasizes the relationship between money budgeted and results expected. (Government of Alberta, 1) Performance budgeting signifies an important remainder from habitual line point in time budgeting. A line item budget is mainly a tool for controlling expenditures it characteristically indicat es the amount of spending permitted for detail purposes. As a fiscal year progresses, departmental spending must remain within the budgeted amounts unless formal budget amendments are approved. Under line item budgeting spending in one category cannot automatically be used to supplement another category. (Government of Alberta, 2)While traditional budgets can be useful in assisting managers with internal control, they are not typically as useful as a policy or decision making tool. Line-item budgets assure elected and administrative officials that money is being spent only for approved purposes, but they do not show what is being accomplished with the money. (Government of Alberta, 3) Additional drawbacks to line-item budgets involve the promotion of indolence, due to the minor modifications made to budget planning each year. Line-item budgeting can result in ineffective and costly actions because management is not allowed the flexibility to address changing situations. (Vir ginia Society of Certified Public Accountants, 7) Many government programs are often forced to use funding, or lose funding at the end of a program year these restrictive processes have the potential to invite micromanagement and impede the fulfillment of program objectives. (Government of Alberta, 3) In comparison, performance budgeting has more of a policymaking orientation it think plans, measures, and budgets and it pushes administrators and policymakers to contemplate the big picture. (Brewer, 23) Performance budgeting provides useful information about the impact of budget decisions on people and gives departments increased budgetary flexibility. Additionally, performance budgeting allows for ongoing monitor and strengthens legislative decision making and oversight.

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel that takes you through the life of a soldier in World War I. Remarque is accurately able to portray the episodes soldiers go through. All Quiet on the Western Front shows the change in attitudes of the men before and during the war. This novel is able to show the great change war has evolved to be. From lining your men up and charging in the eighteenth century, to digging and living in the trenches with rapid-fire machine guns, bombs, and flame-throwers being exposed in your trench a short five meters away. Remarque makes one in reality feel the fun and then the tragedy of warfare. At the beginning of the novel Remarque gives you nationalist feelings through pride of Paul and the rest of the boys. However at the oddity of the war Remarque shows how pointless war really is. This is felt when everyone starts to die as the war progresses.     Remarque accurately portrays all aspects of the war. Howeve r Remarque is best able to portray the make the war has on the soldiers and the rest of the people and the scene of the battlefield compared to home.      The war scarred the soldiers permanently, if not physically then mentally. After the war the soldiers usually neer recovered from the war. Two of the most common side affects of the war were shell shock and stir crazy. When suffering from shell shock a soldiers brain doesnt function properly and the man is a vegetable. This means the man is alive but he cant do anything because he is in a state of shock because of the war. Stir crazy is a mental illness caused by the firing of so many bullets that when no bullets are heard by the victim he goes insane. Everyone was scared to go to war when it started. Young recruits were first sent because the veterans knew they were going to come back dead. "When we provide out again, although I am very excited, I suddenly think wheres Himmelstoss? Quickly I jump back i nto the dug-out and find him with a diminished scratch lying in a corner pretending to be wounded. (P 131) Even the big men like Himmelstoss are scared to go fight. They similarly go through the mental illnesses like stir crazy and shell shock. He is in a panic he is new to it too.

Contracting Essay examples -- essays research papers

Entering and contractingEntering and contracting are the sign steps taken in the OD operate,and is considered by many as one the most important steps of the process. The entrance and contracting step forget be use to set the pace and lay the foundation for the practitioner client relationship. They involve a preliminary evaluation of the agreements opportunities for development, speckleestablishing a collaborative relationship between the OD practitioner and the members of the client system. A major component of entering and contracting is to make a correct decision about how to carry out the OD process. The contract allows the parties involved to explicitly set the direction of the project and how the process will take place. The OD contract will generally address three key areas setting mutual expectation or what each party expects to gain from the OD process the time and resources that will be devoted to it and the ground rules for working together and the stating of what are the proper roles of all the parties involved including the practitioner. In this process, a mutual promise is established between the OD practitioner and the members of the client system in how the OD consultant will work on the problems within the organization. Hence, during entering and contracting, the organizations problems and opportunities for growth and improvement are discussed between these two parties. During this process, the limitations are set on how the consultant can execute the different phases of the OD process. The entering and contracting step is extremely significant because it constitutes the initial activities of the OD process. It sets the parameters for the phases of planned changed that follow diagnosing, planning and implementing change and evaluating and institutionalizing it. Developing the OD contract focuses on devising sound decisions that establish the groundwork for the future success of the project.Data collectionData Collection is the proces s of collecting information that will be utilized in the diagnostic process and eventually used to make business recommendation. In this data collection process, it is critical to ensure the highest quality of data possible. In the data collection component, the information is gathered on the specific department or organization such as inputs, design components, an... ....m. instead of 5.00 p.m. Output went up They were dismissed at 4.00 p.m. Output remained the same Finally, all the improvements were taken away, and the girls went back to the physical conditions of the beginning of the experiment work on Saturday, 48 hour week, no rest pauses, no piece work and no free meal. This state of affairs lasted for a period of 12 weeks. Output was the highest perpetually recorded averaging 3000 relays a week. What happened was that six individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to co-operation in the experiment. The consequence was that they felt themselves to be participating freely and without afterthought and were happy in the knowledge that they were working without coercion from above or limitation from below. They were themselves satisfied at the consequence for they felt that they were working under less pressure than ever before. In fact regular medical checks showed no signs of cumulative fatigue and absence from work declined by 80 per cent.

Contracting Essay examples -- essays research papers

Entering and contractingEntering and contracting are the initial steps taken in the OD process,and is considered by many as one the most important steps of the process. The entering and contracting step will be utilized to set the pace and lay the foundation for the practitioner lymph node relationship. They involve a preliminary evaluation of the organizations opportunities for development, whileestablishing a collaborative relationship between the OD practitioner and the members of the client system. A major component of entering and contracting is to make a good decision about how to carry out the OD process. The contract allows the parties convoluted to explicitly set the direction of the project and how the process will take place. The OD contract will generally address three key areas reach mutual expectation or what each party expects to gain from the OD process the time and resources that will be devoted to it and the ground rules for working unneurotic and the stating of what are the proper roles of all the parties involved including the practitioner. In this process, a mutual agreement is established between the OD practitioner and the members of the client system in how the OD consultant will work on the problems within the organization. Hence, during entering and contracting, the organizations problems and opportunities for growth and improvement are discussed between these two parties. During this process, the limitations are set on how the consultant can execute the different phases of the OD process. The entering and contracting step is extremely significant because it constitutes the initial activities of the OD process. It sets the parameters for the phases of be after changed that follow diagnosing, planning and implementing change and evaluating and institutionalizing it. Developing the OD contract focuses on making sound decisions that establish the groundwork for the future success of the project.Data entreatyData Collection is the process of collecting information that will be utilized in the diagnostic process and eventually used to make channel recommendation. In this data collection process, it is critical to ensure the highest quality of data possible. In the data collection component, the information is gathered on the specific surgical incision or organization such as inputs, design components, an... ....m. instead of 5.00 p.m. Output went up They were dismissed at 4.00 p.m. Output remained the same Finally, all the improvements were taken away, and the girls went plump for to the physical conditions of the beginning of the experiment work on Saturday, 48 hour week, no rest pauses, no piece work and no free meal. This commonwealth of affairs lasted for a period of 12 weeks. Output was the highest ever recorded averaging 3000 relays a week. What happened was that six individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to co-operation in the experiment. The consequence was that they felt themselves to be participating freely and without afterthought and were happy in the knowledge that they were working without coercion from above or limitation from below. They were themselves agreeable at the consequence for they felt that they were working under less pressure than ever before. In fact regular medical checks showed no signs of cumulative grind and absence from work declined by 80 per cent.

Glee Essay

Topic 2. on that point is nothing ironic almost image choir Rachel Cohen Is Rachels sound judgement of the medicamental coifances on mirth correct? Discuss the interplay of melodrama, irony and inter school textbookuality in hilarity. Your essay should contain detailed analysis of at least two tantrums from Glees 1st season. Your essay should as salubrious operate reference to your core course readings on television and postmodernism. Due 14 September heir genuine voice and this whizz was, to me, ultimately about the series demonstrating its own voice and its space within the realism of modern-day musical comedys. I put single oert endure what exactly I expected when I heard Joss Whe break would be directing, although it did send me diving for my Buffy The Vampire Slayer sing-along DVD. What I didnt expect was an inst anyment that didnt feel equivalent Whedon at all except felt intensely like Glee, to a greater extent specifically the Glee that ende atomic number 18d itself to me in the firstly half of the season.What has ceaselessly appealed to me about Glee, and appargonntly to Joss Whedon based on this episode and his interview on Foxs website , was the levels delicate balance of tongue-in-cheek erosive cynicism, which keeps Glee blessedly a sort from high up School Musical territory, and a some cadences heartbreakingly authentic persuasionality that draws me into a late emotional engagement with the characters and a desire to see them triumph.As separates on this blog urinate mentioned, the stunt video displays, focusing close to a musical theme or dance conceit, argon frolic only when bottomland bring the show away from its narrative engagement and this mix of sincerity and cynicism that musical numbers establish much been harnessed in service of. Dream On brought back this dynamic and foregrounded it in contrast to some of the to a greater extent than music-themed recent episodes. Neil Patrick Harris is the king of identification numberter(sweet) cynicism, and his performance as Bryan Ryan handleed the buffoonery in what oppositewise was in danger of be approaching a maudlin episode.Rachel and Arties storylines gave some(prenominal) characters an opportunity for growth. Arties triumphantly joyful flash house scene (fangirl moment thank you Glee, for a flash mob ) in spoticular made his final exam moments of aching vulner talent that much(prenominal)(prenominal) more(prenominal) poignant. T here has been reflection on this blog about the way that Glee sometimes uses, one might eventide say exploits, disabled characters for emotional endings and to humanize its more difficult characters (Sue and Rachel), and Arties storyline comes dangerously close to becoming part of this trend.There are certainly issues with how Arties storyline is presented in this episode, and I leave those issues for former(a) commentators more perishledgeable in these areas. Problematic though this is, it is consistent with the series ethos from the beginning. The show has always chthonicmined its own by and by-school special themes, or at least made them less saccharine, by unabashedly drawing on stereotypes and refusing after-school special endings Artie laughingstocknot dance, Tina doesnt do the right thing. All is not well in McKinley High.If it were, it wouldnt be Glee. That this episode spoke about clearly with what I feel is Glees unique voice is made even more important through and through its intertextuality, which evoked a self-awareness on the part of the series about its place amongst contemporary musicals. Here again we return to Joss Whedon and Neil Patrick Harris. Both figures ingest had important roles in bringing contemporary uses of the musical to television and the web. They twisted together on the web series Dr. Horribles sing-Along Blog.Neil Patrick Harris has performed in musical episodes of How I Met Your Mformer(a) and Batman The Brave and the Bold, an d Whedons musical episode of Buffy often makes lists of the best musical television episodes of all time. In this identical episode that the guest theatre director and guest star positioned Glee within the contemporary use of the musical on television, we discover that Shelby Corcoran is Rachels mother. Shelby is played by Idina Menzel, who originated Maureen in Rent and Elphaba in Wicked on Broadway, with Glee guest star Kristin Chenoweth.Menzel and Chenoweth further link Glee to the tradition of the contemporary musical that may be a much more appropriate reference here than for the more intelligible, but deceptive, High School Musical. Contemporary musicals have establish increasingly mature, cynical, parodic and subversive, trends that Glee falls squarely within. In an episode so drenched in references to the contemporary musical place setting, it was all the more important that Glee followed the specimens of its characters in the last episode and emphasized its own uniqu e voice.Whedon showed himself to be a true Gleek by emphasizing the voice of the show over his own. egardless of whether you are a Gleek (if you dont receipt this term, read on), you may have noticed the buzz surrounding FOXs musical comedy, which returned Tuesday to the second-best ratings of the night after a Gleek Week of promotional appearances and news coverage. Created by Ian Brennan, Brad Falchuk, and Ryan Murphy, Glee focuses on a diverse gathering of teenagers participating in a tall school show choir, treating the participants in New Directions with alternating doses of warmth and snark.It as well is one of the first series in the last few decades to conquestfully incorporate musical numbers its music has become a lucrative cross-promotional element of the Glee phenomenon. The series has garnered ardent fans, or Gleeks, around the world evident in the umpteen websites dedicated to it, much(prenominal) as Gleeks United, Glee Club Online, Forum Francais de Glee, Glee Brazil, and my favorite, What Would Emma Pillsbury Wear? , divine by the fashions worn by the eponymous guidance counselor with a gustation for all things sterile and for sexy-librarian sweaters.Just as notable, it appears to have been embraced as in particular Ameri arsehole. The cast was invited by First Lady Michelle Obama to sing at the White Houses annual Easter egg roll last weekend, and they followed that up with a Glee-themed episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show (she praised them as the hardest working cast on television). suck inword coverage on the return of Glee and spoilers have followed in most major news outletsincluding two dueling reviews in The New York Timesand in studious forums (a shout out to In Media Res, which recently hosted a Glee-themed week).What is it about Glee that has inspired this phenomenon? Based on my own experience, as a Gleek and as a scholar focusing on the series in my research, I find the shows play with diversity equally satisfying and fr ustrating, and always obligate (arguably, it is post-racial and reinforcing of traditional racial stereotypes). And it seems that for many fans, the shows focus on underdogs overcoming challenge, sly satire, and feel- unspoiled musical numbers are clear pulls.With respect to these and other appeals, Glee is a prime illustration of what Valerie Wee has exposit as hyper-postmodern media culture. A mash-up of generic influences, intertextual references, music, and ideological content that is both eerily nostalgic and forward-thinking, the series gouge be read and enjoyed by fans in two-fold and diverging ways. This weeks episode, Hell-o, provided a full helping of these and other pleasances.We witnessed cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch)s return to the high school and renewed mission of obliterating the glee club and the long-awaited blossoming of two romantic relationships, Mr. Shuester and Emma and Rachel and Finn, although difficulties naturally arise for both couple s. In these and other entanglements as New Directions looks toward regionals, the timing and humor are spot on, not the least of which was the limiting of the musical numbers to songs with the word hell in the title.The humourous mix that ensues includes Hello, I Love You, Highway to Hell, and Hello, Goodbye. And the narrative may not be important as the sum of Glees parts they include the hyper-postmodern mash-up described above, exciting and talented performers, upbeat music that cigaret be enjoyed in other arenas, sweetly geeky fandom, and the overall ethos of embracing the loveable loser in all of us. Are you a Gleek, and if so, what do you think encourages its appeal? What do you make of the series as a contemporary television, music, or theatrical text?In response to this complicated series we plan to follow Glee, its paratexts, and its fandom on a weekly basis as it continues to air this season. We hope youll accede part in the discussion Reprinted with permission from o ur good friends at InsideCatholic. com, the leading online journal of Catholic faith, culture, and politics. The musical comedy-drama Glee debuted on Fox upright over a year ago. The story of a high school Spanish t distributivelyers attempts to resurrect the Lima, Ohio, high school glee club surprised critics by ending its first season ranked at 33 in the Nielsen ratings.Now in its second season, the shows ratings have only gone up, as it climbed to the 15 spot last week. On May 23, the plans for a third season of Glee were announced. While theres no reason its set offularity wont continue to climb, the challenge of producing a primetime musical series to appeal to a generation not brought up on the traditional musicals like Camelot, West Side Story, and The Sound of Music is obvious How do you combine a contemporary story and characters with music and dance in a way that does not send viewers, especially younger ones, groaning in the direction of their PS3s and iPhones?The pro ducers of Glee found their stem in the example of Chicago, the Broadway show where the musical numbers were always performed in the context of a cabaret. The characters of Glee dont burst into song in the manner of, say, Rodgers and Hammerstein earlier, the potently choreographed musical numbers five to eight each episode are usually staged as the glee clubs performances or rehearsals. Thus, Glee retains enough of a realistic feel to appeal to a younger listening. The music, a combination of pop and Broadway standards newly rranged by Adam Anders, appeals to all ages and has been a phenomenal success on CD and downloads, with over $2 million in digital sales. The cast of Glee had 25 singles on the Billboard Hot deoxycytidine monophosphate in 2009, more than any artist since the Beatles in 1964. Their performance of Dont Stop Believin went gold last November, with over half a million dollars in sales. possibly the most remarkable aspect of Glees achievement its ability to kee p three generations of viewers children, parents, and grandparents in front of the TV together.The choreography of Zachary Woodlee, sexy without organism sleazy, evokes Broadways Jerome Robbins rather than Bob Fosse, much less the crotch-grabbing antics of tuneless rappers. Viewers with memories of Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire, or even the June Taylor Dancers on The Jackie Gleason Show, find themselves smiling once again. The producers and cast members also brinytain tasteful control over material chosen from older classics like Over the Rainbow, One Less Bell to Answer, Smile, and I Could Have Danced All night, with newer ones such(prenominal) as Proud Mary, Piano Man, Jump, Bootylicious, and Josh Grobans You Raise Me Up. When a Rolling Stone critic snidely chides Glees leading actor, Matthew Morrison, saying he couldnt rap his way out of 98 rehearsal, he seems oblivious to the accompaniment that more than an occasional nod to rap would immediately begin thinning its audience (starting with me). The choice to trigger off the Disney-like innocence of leave behind Schuester, played by Morrison, with the cynical cheerleading coach, Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), whole caboodle pure(a)ly. The conflict between Schuester and Sylvester becomes nothing less than the perennial clash of ars gratia artis (arts for arts sake) with the pagan philistines.The writing for Sylvesters character is so good it has spawned its own wiki thread. Take, for example, her attitude toward intimacy in marriage I, for one, think intimacy has no place in a marriage. Walked in on my parents once, and it was like seeing two walruses wrestling. But beyond the Schuester and Sylvester rivalry, Glee fails to achieve the generational integration of taste in its characters and storyline that it has attain with its music and dancing. Wills wife, Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig), seems like a refugee from John Sayles Serial Mom, where the entirety of middle-class family life is cynically, and hilari ously, parodied.The viewer is left constantly questioning how Will, whose fundamental decency and kindness are repeatedly evoked, could have married such a demented twit as Terri. Such jarring contrasts of character abound in Glee. Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), the lead utterer of the glee club and signal caller of the football police squad, doesnt seem to know a hot tub cannot serve as a average for impregnating his cheerleader girlfriend, Quinn Fabray meanwhile, his best friend, puck Puckerman (Mark Salling), who did get Quinn pregnant, is rampaging though the neighborhood sleeping with the cougar mothers of his classmates.There are also politically correct touches. Kurt Hummel (Chris Kolfer), the member of the glee club who likes to dress in color lace, not only comes out in the course of the first season but also leads the winless football team to their first victory by teaching them all how to dance. Yet Kurts character is not made into a complete caricature While his achi evement on the gridiron is simply silly, the scene where he admits to his blue-collar father his same-sex attraction is quite affecting and, I might add, realistic.Not to be outdone, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), who has the best voice in the cast, is also the most neurotic, having been raised by two homointimate fathers. Rachel eventually discovers that her birth mother is the coach of the rival glee club. Such is the search for postmodern innocence in Glee there is too much water under the cultural bridge to directly revive the musical idiom and heritage of the 1940s and mid-fifties that became second nature to so many baby-boomers.Before Glee, of course, there was Stephen Sondheim, who throughout his career as a composer and lyricist struggled with the same question of how to run for the musical to an audience that no longer turn overd in the univocal meaning of I love you. We can be grateful to the creators of Glee for qualification an effort to bring us a popular entertainm ent with such a high level of sing and dancing. The temptation will be to lose sight of the initial choices that have led to its success and, oddly, the generational breadth of its audience.Just as American Idol has found out the hard way from its plunging ratings, once you start trying to enthral only the teenagers, the whole enterprise will quickly collapse Mid-April, with its tax deadline, is a time that many people dread this year, however, millions looked forward to it with great eagerness, because April thirteenth brought the first episode of Glee after a four-month hiatus. The Fox show, set in the fictional William McKinley High School, inLima, Ohio, is part satirical comedy, part musical, andsince its setting is high schoola bit of a drama. Its not exactly a high-school musical, and its not exactly High School Musical, the Disney song-and-dance franchise, although, like that TV movie and its brand extensions, it has a long tail of tie-in merchandise and live performances. It also has over-the-moon fansgleeks, they happily call themselveswhich is a notable thing for a primary(prenominal)stream, non-niche network show that began only last fall.The first post-hiatus episode had more than thirteen million viewers the second, which featured the songs of Madonna, was close behind. Of course, it doesnt hurt that the show follows American Idol on Tuesday nightsthough the pairing did pain many people a couple of weeks ago, when a live edition of Idol ran long, occasion DVRs across the land to cut off the last minutes of Glee. And Glee, although a work of fiction, is Idol s spawn, part of the current craze for ceremonial star-making (and dream-crushing) machinery at work. Glee was created and is create verbally by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, and Ian Brennan. Of the three, Murphy is the best known, having created the just ended FX psychomelodrama Nip/Tuck (for which Falchuk was a writer and a producer) and the 1999 WB comedy Popular, which was also a sendu p of teen-age archetypesas in Glee, there was a star football player who was torn between sports and the stagebut concern much more extracurricular activity among parents and families.Except for the instructors and the administrators at McKinley High, few adults appear in Glee, which gives the series a cartoonish feel thats reinforced by the point that the grownups we do see, well meaning though they may be, are as cluelessly wrapped up in themselves as the young people are. (Oddly, or not, of the group of about ten students we hang out with two have lost a parent.It seems like a lot. ) The success of Glee depends on the energy and the obvious talent of its young (but way beyond high-school age) performers, and on Jane Lynch, who plays Sue Sylvester, the acid-tongued, sneaky, and completely loony cheerleading coach, whose every line of dialogue is quotable (and is duly quoted, minutes after being delivered, on Facebook pages and in Twitter feeds).Sues counterbalance, and nemesis , is Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison, who has a solid Broadway background and Leyendecker good looks, including thick, wavy hair that Sue mocks, in bewitching variations, pretty much every time she sees Will), a youngish Spanish teacher and a graduate of McKinley High in the days when it had a top-notch show choir. Will makes it his project to bring back that glory, and he starts by tricking the captain of the football team (Cory Monteith), whom he hears singing in the shower after perform one day, into joining his ragtag crew.If Will gets funding for his group, the economy being toughSues cheerleading crew will lose theirs. Will also wants some of Sues girlsthe Cheeriosfor his group. She tells him that he doesnt get itthat he cant blur the lines in the rigid caste system that is high school Your jocks and your popular kidsup in the penthouse. Your invisibles and the kids compete live-action druids and trolls out in the forestbottom floor. What about the Glee kids? Will asks. W hat category are they in? Sub-basement, she says. from the issue * cartoon bank * e-mail this The real engine of the show isnt the machinations of its characters or its unfolding plot but its basic social organisation. Because Glee is in truth about a group of singers, it doesnt seem soupy when the cast breaks into song the music fits into the proceedings organically. The songswhich Murphy choosesrange from oldies to newies, so that there is, theoretically, something for everybody, from Sing Sing Sing and Sweet Caroline to Gives You Hell and Single Ladies. Still, it must be said, even people who love these songs may find something to hate in the style of singing sometimes showcased in Gleethe earsplitting, maniacally melismatic car-alarm whine that Whitney Houston popularizedbut, thankfully, there are quiet ballads to balance things out. Rachel, one of the choir members, has a bit of that pleading quality in her voice, but it suits her desperate ambition. Shes played by Lea Michel e, who, at twenty-three, is a fifteen-year Broadway veteran.Yet her large talent doesnt extend to the non-singing parts of her performance. I give it up for her gifts, but I dont feel soul there. Rachel takes herself very seriously, and things very literally one of the other kids, Artie (Kevin McHale), is wheelchair-bound, and Rachel complains to Will that Artie shouldnt be singing Sit Down Youre Rockin the Boat because hes already sitting down. Arties take is that Wills choice was meant to be ironic, and Rachel responds, Theres nothing ironic about show choir Of course there is, but theres more, tootheres also real glee, when things come together and when the characters get as much fleshing out as the stereotyping and the time constraints allow. With several action numbers per episode, almost all of which have remarkably weak choreography and poorly synched lip-synching, the writers havent been able to go very deep into anyones lif Read more http//www. newyorker. com/arts/critics/ television/2010/05/10/100510crte_television_franklinixzz25UpjRdrc And then theres Glee.Because there are no original songs, theyve got to reference other works multiple times in every episode. When the show is at its best it takes cultural referents such as the television set for Beyonces Single Ladies (Put a crowd on It) and turns it into something else by putting it in the context of trying to win a football game. Its an utterly ridiculous and goofy scene that belies the veracity of the way football works, but its also enormously satisfying and pretty funny to boot.The shows musical numbers are to me more successful when they transport their sources to locales away from the stage or the classroom. And even when a musical number starts within the walls of William McKinley High School, if there are ranks that take us to other places and/or elsewhere in time, such as when Kurt recently sang I Want to Hold Your Hand for his classmates, that can also work incredibly well.But when t heir numbers are stagebound things often become stagnant, sucking the life out of the song and leaving a strong distaste in the mouths of many viewers, or at least those who know the original. Kurt poses for photos when hes not transporting us through time via the power of song. The apotheoses of these occurrences take place in the episode titled The Substitute, which features renditions of classic numbers from Singin in the Rain (Donen/Kelly 1952), which were themselves new takes on old songs.Im not saying some texts are untouchable, but if youre going to cover something so culturally iconic, you might want to do something totally new with it. So Gus Van Sants shot for shot retread of Psycho (1998)? Probably not a good mind. Conversely, Martin Scorseses reimagining of Fords The Searchers (1956) as an urban western in Taxi Driver (1976)? That works. If you dont approach homage in this way it becomes nothing more than imitation, which might be the highest form of flattery but doesn t make for good TV or cinema.So Glees rendition of Singin in the Rains title song incorporates a mash-up with Rihannas Umbrella and takes place on a stage full of water featuring the cast re-enacting moves from Gene Kellys classic duration while also incorporating new moves into their set-piece number. Theres revision, and theres imitation, and then theres shitting on sanctity. Im no purist and Im not saying they shouldnt have done it, but I would argue that despite the attempt at innovation, it doesnt go far enough in its departure from either original.And the one thing that its missing that makes the movies original so great is passion you can feel. Kellys rendition takes place within the context of his falling in love with Kathy (Debbie Reynolds) and it results in Dionysian abandon, bringing to Technicolor life the giddy exhilaration that comes with new love, whereas Glees version is akin to watching craftsmen make shoes theres artistry in their production and the finished produ ct is expertly made, but it lacks the soul that still makes Kellys sequence so resonant.Worse still is their take on Make Em Laugh, which features Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) and Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr. ) in a duet that is at times a near step for step imitation of Donald OConnors version. Again, failing to revise the setting and context in an provoke way leaves their rendition flat. It lacks the intuitive joy of OConnors sequence, the best part of which is that it makes the audience do what the title suggests, which is laugh.Will and Chang are great dancers, but as theres no real reason for the scene other than to show that they can do a rote imitation of the steps, their version is totally devoid of life and spontaneity, making it seem as though its performed by technically proficient but non-sentient automatons. Theres no reason you cant do a scene thats almost identical to the original, so long as you update it in such a way so as to give the audience a new way to in terpret it. Take Spike Lees incorporation of the Love/Hate tattoo sequence from Night of the Hunter (Laughton 1955) into Do the Right Thing (1989).Robert Mitchums iconic scene is as seemingly inviolable as anything from Singin in the Rain, but by transposing it from a depression era white psychopathic murdering preacher in the deep south to Radio Raheem (Bill Nunn), a socially aware young African-American male living in what was at the time contemporary Bedford-Stuyvesant, Lee both pays homage and avoids pastiche, creating something new in the process, a model of artistic inverted comma that Im afraid might be falling out of favor in our current media landscape, as evidenced on Glee and elsewhere * Why a blog and not a website? TUESDAY, 30 AUGUST 2011 Project Art History. Evolution of musical film musical style. Williams and Hall both have argued that culture is not so much a set of things (television shows or paintings, for example) as a set of processes or practices through whi ch indivi duples and groups come to make sense of things, including their own identities within and even against or outside the group Stunken Cartwright (2009) The intention of the essay is to link evolution in cinema genres with the changes in the mental synthesis of popular culture.The quotation expresses the approach to culture as a process in which individuals interact, and this is the way the essay would like culture to be seen. Cinema is the perfect method to analyse popular culture from this point of view. Since its invention, it has given human beings a new and antithetic opportunity of enjoying simulated worlds. Musical genre is particularly interesting because it has been present since the beginnings of cinema as one of the main Hollywood genres, and it has needed to introduce new strategies to survive. There are periods when it nearly disappeared before coming back in a new form (Hayward 2000).This essay is structured in such a way that it describes the periods of the genre and how its codes and conventions have been applied in each, and then analyses the main ideas from a social and theoretical point of view. But first, it may prove useful to discuss genre theory. Genre can be considered a strategy created by the cinema industry to identify a category of film. But it also can be described as a cognitive mechanism to help the viewer and filmmaker to know the expectations and hypothesis of the viewers when sitting in front of a screen to watch a film.Any genre is formed by a set of codes and conventions that the lulu has lettered and can decode automatically and unconsciously. He or she feels pleasure in identification. This last point of view agrees with the one of the essay, as its aim is to connect the research on genre with what spectators experience when watching a film (Nelmes 2007) (Hayward 2000). It is also interesting to analyse what makes the spectator enjoy watching a film. Hayward (2000) identifies three stages in spectatorship theor y. The first stage in the 70s treats the spectator as a passive subject.It is inspired on Freuds idea of the Oedipal complex and on Lacans idea of the mirror stage that says that our identity is not coming from within, but from the way we see ourselves for the first time from the outside. In our adulthood we are in a constant state of desire that cannot be fulfilled because our unconscious mind cannot be influenced by the world around us. Freuds ideas associate the mirror stage with the relationship between the child and his mother. The male character sees his mother as an object and identifies with the father to try to fall upon the childs feeling of castration of not having access to the mother (Ward 2003).The spectator identifies the cinema screen with this mirror. The second stage, from the middle of the 70s, is influenced by Laura Mulvey. She introduces the idea of sexual difference in identification with personalities and criticises the masculine point of view in cinema narr ative that fetishizes women. The option for the feminine spectator is to identify with the passive effeminate or with a masculine third character. In the third stage, from the 80s, we find investigations derived from the debate started by Mulvey. Some ideas talk about the bisexual position of the young-bearing(prenominal) child after her mirror stage.She first has the mother as her object of desire and then she has to change to the father as her object of desire. And the male spectator can also position himself bisexually, when identifying with the active and passive modes of the male character. The spectator is treated as an active subject, he or she does not occupy just one position in relation to the characters. Dyer considers that there are three periods in a genre bad-mannered, mature and decadent (Hayward 2000). On the experimental primitive period, before the 30s, musical is generated as a hybrid from European operetta and American vaudeville and music hall (Hayward 2000) .On the mature period, from the 30s to the 60s, first we find a director such as Busby Berkeley. His films do not pay attention to the plot, but rather, are vehicles for song and dance that are introduced in an artificial way. It is pure spectacle and sensuality. Sex is offered through the gaze (Hayward 2000). Later, songs and dances move with the narrative and are introduced on a more natural way. Fred Astaire develops an elegant, stylised style and Gene Kelly develops a more energetic one. The music was often composed by talented authors brought from Broadway.In the 50s, it is the first time the studio system pay special attention to the youthfulness audience, linked to the rise in the music record industry. Singers as Elvis Presley and Cliff Richard became actors (Hayward 2000). For Altman musicals of the mature period are an ode to marriage. The narrative is based on the principle of pairing and mirroring. Male and female are paired, maturity is paired to immaturity. The main c haracters are mirrored in other couples settings are mirrored in other settings (Hayward 2000). This conclusion was made following a synchronic analysis, i. . , just focusing in a moment in the film, specifically in the final scene. Recently, this same author has reflected about that approach and has analysed musical films diachronically. He proposes two hypotheses. Following the first one, in musicals main characters are first paired with a wrong partner to be finally paired to the right one. Films such as An American in Paris (Minnelli, 1951) follow this structure. The second hypothesis is more speculative. It is based in the idea that the relationships of the characters turn from homosocial to heterosexual.This structure is found in many films, from An American in Paris (Minnelli, 1951), to Grease (Kleiser, 1978). In Grease, the main actress and actor belong to a group where all members are women or all men, respectively, and eventually left these groups to become a couple. This can be seen as an evolution from childhood to adulthood. The author also speculates on whether this structure tries to avoid the character moving from a homosocial relationship to a homosexual relationship (Altman 2010). Cohan (2010) considers that the dual register between narrative and performance is one of the distinctive conventions of the genre.It breaks the dominant codes of realism in cinema, whose aim is to guide the audience through the story, so the codes and conventions become transparent to avoid distracting them (Nelmes 2007). The concept of diegesis refers to the fictional world described inside the story. In musicals, filmmakers can add extra-diegetic shots that have no logical reason for being there. And they can add a diegetic to call public attention to the star, to show that they are amazed when they see and hear the main characters dancing or singing, and to create the illusion that the real non-diegetic audience is part of that public (Hayward 2000).Dyer (2002) distinguishes three tendencies of musicals one that keeps narrative and number separate, another that identifies narrative with problems and numbers with scape, but trying to unify the number through signals, and a last one that dissolves this distinction between narrative and number, which makes this narrative also utopian. Richard Dyer writes that the strategy of the genre is to provide the spectator with an utopia through the form of entertainment.Any film reflects these categories abundance, energy, intensity, transparency and community in opposition to the real society, where we can find scarcity, exhaustion, dreariness, manipulation and fragmentation. Abundance is shown through the luxurious costumes and massive settings. Energy is shown through the dance and also the camera work. Intensity refers to experiencing emotions directly. Transparency refers to spontaneity. Community refers to the sense of belonging. This utopia is associated with the specific mainstream ideology o f this period capitalism, economic and social perceptual constancy (Hayward 2000), (Stacey 1994).Of the decadent period, from the 60s, codes and conventions are questioned. Musicals are more realistic subjects such as racism and delinquency are treated. Examples are West Side Story (Wise, 1961), Saturday Night Fever (Badham, 1977) and Grease (Kleiser, 1978). We also find Julie Andrews films such as The Sound of Music (Wise, 1965). This is identified as a family film that follows traditional conventions. But its structure differs from the classical one. There is no more a duality, instead, there is a female main character and the male character has a secondary role.She represents emancipated femininity. In Barbra Streisands films The Way We Were (Pollack, 1973) the girl needs a partner but does not always achieve it. When she fails to do it, the film shows her drive for freedom and female independence (Farmer 2010), (Robertsib Wojcik 2010). This reflects how conventions in cinema have changed with changes in society in the 70s women rebelled against the traditional patriarchal society. It has been almost 50 years since the period of decline of the musical genre begun. It looked as if it was going to disappear. But lately, we are seeing a revival of the genre.Sometimes it is successful, such as Moulin Rouge (Luhrman, 2001), Chicago (Marshall, 2002) and Mamma Mia (Lloyd, 2008), sometimes it is not, such as Nine (Marshall, 2009). At this point, we can ask ourselves about the reasons for bringing back musicals. Cohan (2010) mentions David Rooney and Jonathan Bing describing them. They mention how development of new technology can help with the trade union movement of shooting and editing, and reducing costs. Also, the after-market of the fans of musical can be economically attractive, as they are repeating viewers, so DVDs and soundtracks would sell well as well as merchandising would do.Another interesting fact is that the youth audience has grown up watching music videos and Disneys animated films. Finally, another reason can be that the favourable period of musicals happened during the 30s Big Depression. Maybe it is not a coincidence that in the actual moment of economic recession, the public is going back to watch films that tack on escapism (Burgess-Alllen 2010). Feuer (2010) argues that in the decline period, there are reconstructive musicals and deconstructive musicals. Reconstructive musicals can be Moulin Rouge (Luhrman, 2001), Chicago (Marshall, 2002), Nine (Marshall, 2009). Cabaret (Fosse) in 1972 already has influences of art cinema (Hayward 2000). They are targeted at art-house audiences, while keep the classical conventions, and show an interest in aesthetic and nostalgia for the past. Following the these, Moulin Rouge (Luhrman, 2001) mixes cinematic references, historical intertexts and cultural allusions, this makes it difficult to define which genre it belongs to as it can be considered a musical, a melodrama, and au thor film, or even a music video (Nelmes 2007).Deconstructive Musicals are oriented towards the teenage public and create new conventions, they do not represent lead performers but amateurs that love singing and dancing, they take up the position of spectators of Old Hollywood musicals in a world where it is no longer possible to be Fred Astaire (Daldry, 2000). Following these, there are productions for TV, such as High School Musical (Ortega, 2006) and, more recently, Glee (Murphy, 2009). Conventions in High School Musical (Ortega, 2006) follow the traditional ones. It follows the principle of duality with two main characters.What it adds new to the genre is a contrast between authenticity, represented by the main couple, and manipulated artistry, represented by another couple. It also adds a reflection of a rigidly hierarchical world, where the characters move between conformism and rebellion. The characters are stereotypes jocks, cheerleaders, and brainiacs. Glee (Murphy, 2009) t akes the idea of High School Musical and exaggerates it. We again find the same stereotypes but they are taken to the extreme of satire. All the characters know that to be someone at the school they have to belong to a group cheerleaders, football teamWearing a distinctive uniform is important for them. Glee also adds being playful with earthly concern. It highlights being a simulation of mankind and reminds us often about it, advising us not to take it too seriously. The narrative is an utopia in the same way as the performances. And this utopia again follows a specific ideology. Subjects that affect teenagers are treated pregnancy, alcohol, sexuality, family relationships, (Cohan 2010), (Payne 2010). Another thing these films have changed from classic films is that musical soundtracks are not created specifically for the film, now it appropriates pop music or music from other films.The concept of film genre is directly related to the concept of intertextuality. The film is alwa ys going to be framed by the genre as each film belonging to it uses conventions previously used by other members of it (Nelmes 2007). But this can be a contradiction, because intertextuality is also associated with taking the text beyond the boundaries of the genre. This semiotical term was first used by Julia Kristeva, who understands that the text connects in two ways, first the author to the reader and then the text to other texts (Chandler 2009). The growing prevalence of visuals in ads has enhanced the ambiguity of meaning embedded in message structures. Earlier advertising usually states its message quite explicitly through the medium of written text , but starting in the mid-1920s visual representation became more common, and the relationship between text and visual image became complementary that is, the text explained the visual. In the post-war period, and especially since the early 1960s, the function of text moved away from explaining the visual and towards a more cryp tic form, in which text appeared as a kind of key to the visual.In all, the effect was to make the commercial message more ambiguous a reading of it depended on relating elements in the ads internal structure to each other, as well as drawing in references from the external world. Leiss (1997) This paragraph talks specifically about the use of intertextuality in advertising, which is not the subject of the essay, but it is included here because it expresses that the way creatives communicate messages has evolved from being explicit to being ambiguous. Leiss talks about how the receivers brain is an indispensable component of the total communication system.Explaining it clearly, the spectator is no longer considered stupid. Viewers have a wider visual knowledge that make them able to understand messages transmitted on ambiguous ways. We have grown with the fast association of images in film, TV, and advertisement (Kolker 2002). The visual knowledge of the spectator has helped to ma ke it more sophisticated. The basis of the plot remains simple but the filmmaker can and must introduce mechanisms to appeal a target audience that has become highly media literate.As a result of the the research can be taken the most interesting ideas about the way contemporaneous filmmakers apply the codes and conventions of the genre. They follow some of the conventions of films from the classical era keeping a simple plot, selling an ideology. And they add to the genre using soundtracks from pop music or other films instead of creating it specifically for the film, the creation of fictional worlds that make reference to another fictional world, playing with reality and stereotypes, playing with the dual register between narrative and performance.It can be found in several essays and articles that talk about contemporaneous musical films being postmodern, as the following one written by Edwards (Cohan 2010) The charm and artistic merit of the original High School Musical movie li es in its ability to consider a sophisticated theatrical and musical heritage and consequently revise it for a modern audience it simultaneously conforms to genre expectations and pays homage to its textual influences while taking a postmodern delight in exposing its own limitations and playing with some gentle pastiche of literary and cinematic predecessors.Flanagan (2002) wrote about the features of a film that can be identified as postmodern. The first ones are playfulness and self reference. It reminds us that it is a construction, that is not real, and that we must not take it seriously. The musical films creators play with the way they integrate the performances in the narrative, with the stereotypes. It follows the tendency of dissolving the distinction between narrative and number, meaning that this narrative is also utopian. The second ones are generic blurring and intertextuality.The use of references to other texts is very usual in musicals. The third ones are popular an d commercial media mixed with high culture. Current musical films do not have a soundtrack created for them, but they appropriate music. The fourth ones are fragmentation and death of representation. This refers to the way audience make sense of things through representations of reality instead of doing it through the reality itself. And finally uncertainty and the loss of context as consequence of the previous ones. According to this, films such as Glee (Murphy, 2009) can be considered postmodern.But probably to label a film as postmodern is not going to influence the audience as to whether to be interested on it or not, what probably can be considered more important is the sophisticated hyperconsciousness in contemporaneous popular entertainment, i. e. , the high degree of media literacy in the audience that allows playing with the conventions (Collins 1993), (Nelmes 2007). Why is Glee Postmodern In this blog and our discussion of postmodern television, the TV showGleehas come up as an example.. One of the theories weve learned about postmodernism is that it rejects the idea of metanarratives (stories about stories).In postmodernism there is not black and white, good vs. evil, etc. In the showGleethere is the character Puck, a football player who seems to be your typical tough-guy bully. However, even though Puck is a bully and even shoves around some of the other characters that we like, we still do not dislike him. We dont see him as the villain even though typically the jock/bully is seen as the bad guy. Plurality is another term we learned regarding postmodernism, and this is when there are multiple stories and multiple identities.This show has so many characters, each with their own personal story and all of their stories get told in one way or another. Within Season 2 episode 8 the character David is focused on and he is being questioned about whether he is human or not. The glee club is a dance singing club but within this is another story. This giv es the program room to expand and here for example the program deals with modern day issues that are publicised in the media. Grand narratives are clearly contradicted in this episode as homosexuality is put in the limelight and is praised.One of the male characters shows very feminine attributes and in their rehearsal wears a top which says Likes Boys. This is done to try to numb the shock of homosexuals coming out and renormalise it so that the program can move forward. There are different races, different personalities, different handicaps different cliques, all represented in this show and all of their stories are being told. Nostalgia is another postmodern term represented inGlee. Many of the songs performed on this show are songs from the past for example Les Miserables Kareoke and Born this Way.The teacher in charge of Glee Club, Mr. Schuester, loves doing songs from when he was younger and this really brings nostalgia to the show. Convergence, the flow of media content ac ross a range of different platforms is also part of this show. You can download the songs performed on the show, many viewers discuss the show online, and many people attempt to win parts on the show by creating videos of themselves singing and performing and banknote them online. There are many forms of media involved with this show other than simply watching the show.Not to mention the fact that you can also watch the show online, just one more form of media regarding this show Glee draws people in by creating stereotypical situations and characters, each with their own flaws that the audience can easily identify with. This identification process allows viewers to become more intimate with the show, especially when the actors begin to sing songs that modern viewers already know and love. Fox originally took a chance on the new musical project, but hedged their bets with innovative marketing strategies and with a huge lead in audience from American Idol.The use of cultural classic s and songs that recently premiered on the top 40, drew in the American Idol audience members specifically, and music lovers generally. This target audience was strong in the 18-49 demographic, and particularly strong with women. The strength in these demographics enabled Glee to become the 3rd most expensive show to buy advertisements on. This advertising revenue is supplemented with a steady stream of money made from selling singles on ITunes. This model has been so successful that Glee has now become a tent-pole of its own and anchors the entire comedy lineup on Tuesdays. contrast, in recent years American television has brought us Scrubs, Ugly Betty and now Glee, shows that combine boldly imaginative approaches to narrative with a humour and humanity that is often exhilarating to behold. While we seem to be mired in an endless debate about platforms, content, news values and the multimedia revolution, the Americans have managed to retain an enthusiasm for the dramatic possibili ties of television. And whats clear is that those possibilities are founded upon an enduring belief in sharp, savvy writing and deeply committed performances.At first sight, Glee (C4) follows a stupefyingly familiar path. Its set in a midwest high school, amid the over-fictionalised world of geeks and jocks. And in a nod to the High School Musical fad, it focuses on a glee club, or singing society. However, Glee takes these tropes and cliches and stretches them in surprising directions to create a whole new form, as different to its original source as a butterfly is to a caterpillar. Last week, teen pregnancy, the difficulty of coming out in high school, and sexual attraction between teacher and pupil were plot themes but, unlike many American shows, not moral issues.Glee is possessed of a liberal heart but its balls, as well as some of its most memorable lines, belong to the politically incorrect coach, Sue Sylvester (played by Jane Lynch). Like two opposing grammarians, kitsch sen timent and killer sarcasm wrestle over every line. Yet, at the point where conventional drama plunges into pathos, Glee slips into song. At one moment the school quarterback was singing Ill Stand by You to the ultrasound of his unwanted child (which isnt his), the next his friends were rallying round in a stirring rendition of Lean on Me.A lot of the humour stems from snappy social observation, but the show also boasts the kind of verbal extravagance that, in the wrong hands, can sound written rather than said. Typical was the scene in which a former schoolgirl stalker, who once responded to rejection by eating a lethally hot pepper, advised her equally deluded successor allow me tell you a few things I learned from two years of intense psychotherapy and an oesophagus transplant. The reason that line worked is the same reason the songs and dreaded storylines work because the characters are immersed in their own reality. They never act as if theyve said something funny. Theres no p ause for laughter, no nods or winks, as Glee shows the same faith in its audience as it does in its characterisations. Laughter isnt forced, so isnt false. In common with Ugly Betty and Scrubs, there is plenty of cultural commentary and conditioned asides but failure to spot the reference doesnt undermine the scene. The action just moves swiftly on.If Glee is postmodern, it doesnt bother knocking twice. The show has attracted a lot of plaudits, particularly in America, so its probably soon due for a backlash. This might be an opportune moment, then, to say that the hype is deserved. Its a rare and heartening pleasure to watch so much energy and emotion expended in the unfashionable cause of family entertainment. Some of its fans might say Doctor Who performs a similar feat, though really the nearest British television comes, or attempts to come, to Glee is in shows like Strictly Come Dancing.Where US networks can be persuaded to invest in good writing and acting, our TV executives prefer to back the all-dancing duo of celebrity and reality. Only in an atmosphere in which originality is viewed as marginal or laughable could a series like Life of Riley (BBC1) be produced. It may seem unfair to pick out this harmless sitcom as an illustration of the failings of British comedy drama, but perhaps not quite as unfair as the decision to recommission another series. Why is Glee Postmodern?Glee is an American musical-comedy drama series. It started in 2009 and is produced by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan, who originally wanted Glee to be a film, but decided to make it more interesting as a series. The episode I have chosen to focus on is the Britney/Brittany episode, which pays tribute to Britney Spears when a member of the club Brittany Pierce experiences an anesthesia-induced hallucination in which she recreates iconic Spears moments, and comes to self-realization.I believe that this episode shows examples of being postmodern, as for a start the songs a re in the past, and therefore have been created from an idea thats already happened, Postmodernism postulates that many, if not all, unmistakable realities are only social constructs and are therefore subject to change so Glee supports this view, it highlights that it is taking the original idea (song) that we all know from Britney Spears, and constructing it into their own, like the Toxic version they performed on stage, straight away its obvious that this episode is showing pastiche, as the hole episode is making tributes to classic pop culture, and it gives us as audience ( or those who are old enough) a nostalgic feeling. One of the theories learned about postmodernism is that it rejects the idea of metanarratives (stories about stories). In postmodernism there is not black and white, good vs. evil, etc. There is the character Puck, a football player who seems to be your typical tough-guy bully.However, even though Puck is a bully and even shoves around some of the other charac ters that we like, we still do not dislike him. We dont see him as the villain even though typically the jock/bully is seen as the bad guy, and in this episode, he shows examples of this by fitting in with the rest of the club and wanting to perform the Britney songs, when typically youd expect the jock to go against this idea as it wasnt cool enough.Plurality is another term regarding postmodernism, and this is when there are multiple stories and multiple identities, and this is shown in this particular episode when although the focus is on Britney, there are several storylines going ahead with each individual character like with Will coming to terms that the girl he loves if with someone else, and then the high school problems the glee club members are all facing.The characters are also known for having multiple identities, this episode especially shows the members like Brittany and Rachel dressed up mimicking Britney Spears, and Santana also comes across as being tough, but in th is episode she performs with Brittany in Me Against the Music and we find out she is also in love with Brittany. Many of the songs performed on this show are songs from the past. The teacher in charge of Glee Club, Mr.Schuster, loves doing songs from when he was younger and this really brings nostalgia to the show, but in this episode he rejects the idea of doing Britney week, as he believes she gives out the wrong messages, but eventually he comes around and performs with them, which causes outrage to the school, which is also very postmodern, although Glee is a fun, light-hearted comedy series, it can also have many adult references in, especially in this episode, which I believe to be very postmodern as it ignores the typical conventions of a high school drama and actually takes the stereotypes to an extreme but twists them.Glee has also been quoted to be described as hyper-postmodern media culture. A mash-up of generic influences, intertextual references, music, and ideological content that is both eerily nostalgic and forward-thinking, and this episode is a prime example showing all these things, the fact that the students go to the dentist to get their teeth fixed which is an underlying important message, influencing the audience to take care of their selves, its then twisted when they get put under an anesthesia, and hallucinate Britney Spears fantasies, Glee is known for taking simple, conventional ideas and turning them to almost inappropriate. Like two opposing grammarians, kitsch sentiment and killer sarcasm wrestle over every line. Yet, at the point where conventional drama plunges into pathos, Glee slips into song was quoted by a news article, showing how Glee takes a completely different take on high school drama. Convergence, the flow of media content across a range of different platforms is also part of this show.You can download the songs performed on the show, many viewers discuss the show online, and many people attempt to win parts on the s how by creating videos of themselves singing and performing and posting them online. There are many forms of media involved with this show other than simply watching the show. Not to mention the fact that you can also watch the show online, just one more form of media regarding this show. In conclusion, I believe that Glee is postmodern because it uses examples of hyperreality, pastiche, intertextuality and is not your ordinary high school drama.

Training Report on Autocad

CONTENTS ?Introduction to Auto dog ?GUI of AutoCAD ? dominates in AutoCAD ?Layers ?Viewports ?Exercises taste 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 ?3D in AutoCAD ?3D summonss ?3D Exercises Sample 1 Sample 2 AutoCAD AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc. , is the most popular PC CAD system available in the market. This jut package is a general purpose computer aided design and drafting application for your computer. The speed and ease with which a absorbing can be prep ard and modified using a computer offer a phenomenal advantage over hand preparation.Here Im going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being handlingd today- flexhitectural drawings of every last(predicate) kinds. Interior designs on facility planning. Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotives and Aerospace engineering applications. Theatre set lighting designs. get drawing for the Fine Arts, Textiles, Fashion and Dress designing. rough otherwise CAD package s developed by the same company ar- Auto Shade Auto Flix Auto Ketch Animator 3D Studio AutoCAD ScreenVarious comp hotshotnts of the initial AutoCAD screen argon drawing playing area, see windowpane, menu bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar (Fig. 1). A title bar that has AutoCAD symbol and the contemporary drawing name is displayed on top of the screen. account 1 AutoCAD Screen ? SCREEN COMPONENTS Drawing Area The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the objects and use the overlooks. To draw the objects, we enquire to define the unionise addresss, which can be selected by using our testifying device Command Window Figure 2 Command WindowThe look across window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command prompt where we can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent prompt sequences and the messages. We can change the surface of the window by placing the arrow on the top edge and then dragging it App lication billet bump Figure 3 Application term Bar The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). It contains almost useful information and passings that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD functions. We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing them. Coordinates The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar. We can select this coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the COORDS system variable controls the type of display of coordinates. ?Snap sense modality The snap mode everyows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap mode is on, the Snap Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar otherwise it is non displayed. ?Grid flourish The grid commercial enterprises are used as a indication funds to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the Grid Display button is chosen, the grid funds are displayed on the screen. Ortho Mode If the Ortho Mode button is chose n in the Status Bar, we can draw sucks at right angles only. ?Polar Tracking If we turn the north-polar tracking on, the exploit of cursor is restricted along a path based on set as the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking button in the Status Bar turns it on. Remember that turning the polar tracking on, automatic belyy turns off the ortho mode. ? ?Object Snap When the Object Snap button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can use the running object snaps to snap a localize. ?Allow/Dis allow Dynamic UCSChoosing the button allows or disallows the use of moral force UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned with the selected face of the model. ?Dynamic Input The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts and the dimensional inputs will now be displayed in the drawing area and we do not need to look at the command pr ompt all the time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user. ?Show/Hide LineweightChoosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display of lineweights in the drawing. ?Model The Model button is chosen by disrespect because you are workings in the model space to create drawings. ?Annotation Scale The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in the model space. The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down add up that displays all the annotation scales available for the current drawing. ?Annotation Visibility This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not deport the current annotation scale in drawing area. Automatically Add Scale This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set current to all the annotative objects present in the drawing. ?Quick Properties If you select a curriculum vitaeed entity when this button is chosen in the Status Bar, the properties of selected entity will be displayed in a panel. ? COMMANDS LINE Line command is used to draw a continuing series of line segments, but each line segment is a separate object. We can make the LINE command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4 Figure 4 Draw ToolbarWe can also invoke the LINE command by entering LINE or L at the command prompt. Once you ware invoked the LINE command, the next prompt, the cook first point, requires us to specify the get-go signal point. After first point is selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the foster point at the sic next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points or terminate the LINE command by pressing ENTER, ESC, or the SPACEBAR. The prompt sequence of invoking LINE command is as follows Command LINE raise nail first point bm the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first point. bushel next point or Undo Move the cursor and left click to specify the second point . set forth next point or Undo avow the third point. Specify next point or Close/Undo Enter. (Press ENTER to exit LINE command. ) XLINE The XLINE command can be used to draw gimmick or projection lines. These lines are the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when manually drafting. An xline (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both ends. As the line is un quashed in length, it does not have any end points.The prompt sequence of invoking the XLINE command is as follows Command XLINE Enter Specify a point or Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset Specify an cream or select a point through which the xline will pass. PLINE The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has different features. The term POLYLINE can be broken into two bulges POLY and LINE. POLY means many. This signifies that a poly line can have many lines. Some features of polylines are listed next. Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can be used to draw any shape, such(prenominal) as a contained luck or a doughnut.Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type. Advanced alter commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT command). The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows Command PLINE Enter Specify get off point Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates. Current line width is nn. nnn Current line width is nn. nnn is displayed automatically, which indicates the width of the polyline drawn. If we need a different width, invoke the largeness option at the next prompt and set it. Next the following prompt is displayed.Specify next point or Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width Specify next point or enter an option. polygonal shape A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of side varies from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and a pentagon is a five sided polygon. In Aut oCAD, the POLYGON command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. A polygon is said to be inscribed when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices touch the circle. Likewise, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn out of doors imaginary circle and sides of polygon are tangent to circle.We can easily choose one option from these two available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of invoking POLYGON command is given next. Command POLYGON Enter Enter number of sides Enter a value between 3 and 1024. Specify center of polygon Specify the center point or enter its coordinates. Enter an option Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle Enter I or C. Specify radius of circle Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or circumscribe the polygon. RECTANG The RECTANG command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD.We can draw rectangles by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area and the size of one of the sides, or by specifying the dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking RECTANG command is as follows Command RECTANG Enter Specify first corner point or Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width Specify first corner point or enter its coordinates. Specify other corner point or Area/Dimensions/Rotation Specify opposite corner point or enter its coordinates. ARC An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the ARC command.AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To view these options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout option will appear as shown in fig. 5 Figure 5 Options in Menu Bar for Creating an Arc The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt for invoking ARC command is as follows Command ARC Enter Specify start point of arc or Center Specify first point of arc or enter its coordinates. Specify second point of arc or Center/End Specify the through point for arc or enter its coordina tes. Specify the end point of arc Specify the end point or enter its coordinates. wad The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different options to draw a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout will appear as shown in fig. 6 Figure 6 Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by the method stated earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking CIRCLE command is stated next. Command CIRCLE EnterSpecify center point for circle or 3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius) Specify center point or enter its coordinates. Specify radius of circle or Diameter Enter the required value of radius. ELLIPSE If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can be created in AutoCAD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created by t wo different options and these options are grouped together in the Draw option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig. 7 Figure 7 Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse The default setting is for creating an ellipse with Axis and End point option.The Other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by method stated above. The prompt sequence for invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next. Command ELLIPSE Enter Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or Arc/Center Enter coordinates of axis end point or choose an option. Specify other endpoint of axis Specify other end point or enter its coordinates. Specify keep to the other axis or rotation Specify the half length of second axis. remove After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the screen. To erase, we can use ERASE command in AutoCAD.This command is used just the same way as an eraser is used in manual drafting to delete un destinyed information. We can invoke ERASE command f rom the Modify toolbar Figure 8 Modify Toolbar When we invoke the ERASE command, a small rap, known as pick box, replaces the screen cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it touches the object. Select the object. AutoCAD confirms the picking by changing the selected objects into dashed lines and the select objects prompt returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to terminate object selection and erase the selected objects.The prompt sequence is given next. Command ERASE Enter Select objects Select first object. Select objects Select second object. Select objects Enter re-create The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes copies of the selected objects and places them at stipulate localisations, but the orignals are left intact. In this command we need to select the objects and specify the base point. Next we need to specify the second point, this point is where we exigency the copied objects to be placed. The pr ompt sequence that is followed when you invoke COPY command is given next.Command COPY Enter Select objects Select objects to copy. Select objects Enter Specify base point or Displacement/mOde Specify base point. Specify second point or Specify a new position on the screen using pointing device or entering coordinates. Specify second point or Exit/Undo Enter MIRROR The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The objects can be mirrored at any angle. This command is face-saving in drawing symmetrical figures. This command is available in Modify toolbar but it can be invoked by using command window as well.When we invoke this command, AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the mirror line. After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter the first point of mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is an imaginary line about which objects are reflected. We can specify the end point of mirror line by spec ifying points on screen or by entering their coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The prompt sequence of invoking MIRROR command is given next. Command MIRROR Enter Select objects Select objects to be mirrored. Select objects EnterSpecify first point of mirror line Specify the first endpoint. Specify second point of mirror line Specify the second endpoint. Delete character objects? Yes/No Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining the objects. OFFSET To draw parallel lines, coaxial circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use the OFFSET command. This command creates another object that is similar to the selected one. Remember that we are allowed to select only one entity at a time to be origin. While processting an object, we can specify the stolon remoteness and the side to offset, or we can specify a distance through which you want to offset the selected object.The prompt sequence which follows when we invoke OFFSET command using command window is given ne xt. Command OFFSET Enter Specify offset distance or Through/Erase/Layer Specify the offset distance. Through Option Using this option we do not need to specify a distance we simply specify an offset point and the distance between them is stored as offset distance. Erase Option The Erase option is used to specify whether the source object has to be deleted or not. Layer Option Use the Layer option to specify whether the offset entity will be placed in the current layer or the layer of source object. Specify the object to offset or Exit/Undo Specify the object to offset. Specify point on side to offset or Specify a point on side to offset. Select object to offset or Exit/Undo Select another object to offset or press Enter. ARRAY An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected object and arranging them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In some drawings, we may need to specify an object multiple times in a rectangular or circular arrangement. For example, suppose you have to draw six chairs around a table.This job can be accomplished by drawing each chair seperately or by using the COPY command tomake multiple copies of the chair. But it is a very tedious process and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be adjusted. Using ARRAY command, all we need to do is create just one chair and the remaining five will be created and automatically arranged around the table by the ARRAY command. This method is much efficient and less time-consuming. ARRAY command can be invoked by different methods such as from Modify toolbar, or by fashioning use of the Command Window, or from the Modify option of Menu Bar.RECTANGULAR ARRAY A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the X and Y directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can be created by selecting the Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box (fig. 9) that appears on invoking ARRAY comand. ROWS This edit box is use d to specify the number of rows in rectangular array. COLUMNS This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular array. Figure 9 Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box Offset distance and direction AreaThe options under this area are used to define the distance between the rows and the columns and the angle of array. Row Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows. We can any enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row Offset button to define the row offset distance by specifying two points on screen. Column Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the columns. We can any enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Column Offset button to define the column offset distance by specifying two points on screen. cant over of Arrray. This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is the value by which the rows and columns will be rotated. POLAR ARRAY A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular fashion. This kind of array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the Array dialog box (fig. 10) that appears on invoking ARRAY command. Figure 10 Polar Array option in Arrray dialog box CENTER bespeak The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selected items will be arranged.It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle on whose circumference the items will be placed. The coordinates of the center of array can be specified in the X and Y edit boxes. We can either enter the values in these edit boxes or select the center point of array from the screen using Pick Center Point button. system and values Area The options under this area are used to set the parameters related to the method that will be employed to create the polar array. Method. This drop-down list provides us three methods for creating the polar array. These three methods are discussed next. Total number of items & Angle to fill.This method is used to create a polar array specifying number of items in array an the total included angle between the first and the last item. The number of items and the angle to be filled can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle to fill edit boxes respectively. We can also specify the angle to fill on screen by choosing Angle to fill button provided. Total number of items & Angle between items. This method is used when we want to create a polar array by specifying the total number of items in the array and the included angle between two adjacent items. The angle between items is also called as incremental angle.The number items and the angle between the items can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle between items edit boxes,respectively. We can also specify theangle between items on the screen by choosing Angle between items button. Angle to fill & Angle between items. This method is used when we want to specifyangle between the items and total angle to fill. In this case the number of items is not specified, but is automatically calculated using the total angle and angle between the items. The angle to fill and the angle between the items can be entered in their respective boxes. MOVESometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In these situations, we can use the MOVE command. This command allows you to move one or more objects from their current location to a new location. This change of location of the objects does not change their size or orientation. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be moved and the base point. This base point is the reference book point with which the object will be picked and moved. ? ROTATE Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position. the. In these situations, we can use the ROTATE command.This command allows you to rotate one or more objects from their current location to a specific angle. This change of of the objects does not change their size. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotated. SCALE With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any object or a sketch. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes. So in this situation, we can use the SCALE command. This command allows you to scale one or more objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be scaled and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be scaled. draw out With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some selected part of any object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch is stretched as much we required. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes some part of the ske tched object. So in this situation, we can use the STRETCH command. This command allows you to stretch the objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of green window and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be stretched. TRIM With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity. In this command, the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. This command allows you to trim the objects from the selected side. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be trimmed.EXTEND With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line upto the specific point or location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend. BREAK AT A agitate With the use of this command, we can let loose the line at a point where we required. In this command, the sketch is broken from that point where we required. We can create the number of break points as much we required.On invoking this command, we have to select the line and after that click on that point from where we want to break the selected line, after using this command the line or any selected entity will be converted into numbers. BREAK With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or upto a specific point as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the point on the line and after that click on that point upto where we want to break the line. After using this command on the line or any selected entity, there will be space between the slelected points in the l ine or entity.JOIN With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the same plane. On invoking this command, we have to select the first line and after that second line placed at the same plane and then right click. After using this command , there will be no space between the lines or entities. CHAMFER This command is used for removing the sharp-worded corners. On invoking this command, we have to press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then ENTER, then fill the value of ANGLE and ENTER, after that select the line on which we want to create the chamfer. FILLETThis command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then ENTER, after that select the lines on which we want to create the radius. country This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE. Before using this command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On invoking this command , we have to select all lines and then right click. EXPLODE This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On invoking this command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click. EXERCISE NO 1-

Report on Cybermediaries

4. 724 E-BUSINESS A REPORT ON THE CYBERMEDIARIES OF THE NEW ZEALAND RESTAURANT INDUSTRY The practice of the information systems and applications to drive and support the processes of a business, mainly victimization the web technology is known as E-Business. This helps the companies to connect their processes (Internal and External) much more(prenominal) effectively and efficiently. This overly all in allows them to have a much more closed fundamental interaction with their suppliers and partners, which leads to a higher level of customer satisfaction and overall business performance (The National B2B Centre). The business process which lies in between the ends of a cling to chain is known as Intermediation.These businesses have a much classified role of being the entities that serve the market by connecting multiple buyers and sellers. The core vegetable marrow of the intermediary is mainly a content provider (service based on information). Hence when these kinds of businesses take place using the web is known as Cybermediation. In the present business world, all the companies atomic number 18 trying to develop their virtual image with the help of the internet. The take in place industry is unitary of the major industries contributing to the smart Zealand economy. Hence the development of cybermediaries in the NZ eatery industry is very obvious.There are lots of different websites which work as cybermediaries for the NZ restaurant industry, but in this root word we specifically concentrate on two of them, and they are 1) www. scorecardmania. co. nz 2) www. menus. co. nz 1P ag e 2. 0 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Cybermediaries 1 www. menumania. co. nz plug-in Mania is a company based guide for restaurants in New Zealand founded in 2006 by Cristian Rosescu. The primary aim of the Menu Mania is to connect the people with great local restaurants or eating places. It provides a platform for the passionate and influencing people to share their experie nces about various eating places.It provides a great channel for local businesses to market themselves at no extra cost. Menu mania knows that recommendation of friends is the best and the most reliable behavior of influenceing restaurants, so it collects and organizes the recommendations and suggestion of people in matchless place. Thus www. menumania. co. nz is a site where people find where and what to eat on the basis of the real reviews given by the real people. Cybermediaries 2 www. menus. co. nz Menus is considered to be star of the oldest websites in New Zealand related to restaurants. The website has on an 2P ag e average of more than 64,000 visitors every month (Menus).Menus peck be considered as the easiest mode for the local businesses that are related to food industry to create or increase their internet exposure, as they have partnerships and associations with reputed companies. The website rudimentaryally provides a basic free listing for the local businesses, i t provides free coupons to their registered customers at specific occasions, the go extra mile to provide reservation facilities to their customers, they provide personalized list of menu according to the preference of the member and alike gives a map featuring the location of the restaurant. Thus www. menus. co. z wants the people to comment and give reviews of the restaurants that are listed on their site. They measure both the positive and cast out comments and feedback, while expect the customers to give their suggestions on positive improvements. Thus both the cybermediaries namely www. menumania. co. nz and www. menus. co. nz have their own market importance. Customers and businesses use them as a guiding factor for either the selection of the restaurant or menu from customers perception while the businesses use the comments, reviews or suggestions of the customers in social club to improve themselves and create their image in the market.Both the websites have similarities and differences in the service they provide, which are discussed as under. 3P ag e 2. 1 Similarities The selected cybermediaries of the Restaurant Industry have certain similarities which can be considered as the basic features of the cybermediaries, which are as under Reviews and Comments Both the cybermediaries have lists of restaurants from all over New Zealand and these websites give people a chance to give their personal reviews about different restaurants they have visited. It also allows them to give a negative feedback if they had a bad experience and asks for suggestions. Mobile Application These websites have developed a specific application for I-Ph one users in order to make it much more convenient to their customers, as the trend is shifting from using computers to mobiles for internet access. Search Options Both the cybermediaries have a bet option which helps the consumers to find their required restaurant much more easily. In the given search option the consumers can search restaurants on the basis of location, cuisine, kind of restaurant, categories and key words. 4P ag e Member Login These websites have a special login facility for the members this is kind of a loyalty program for the frequent visitors of the website. They send newsletters, articles, reviews, deals and special offers of different restaurants. feature Restaurants These websites have an especially dedicated portion of their website for the featured restaurants or businesses, which display virtually of the best and the finest restaurants of the selected place. Best for Occasion These websites have a special search option in which the customers can search and choose the restaurants that are best for the finical occasion.They have options of restaurants for the occasions like Private Functions, Business dinners, wedding functions, cliquish parties, romantic dinners, group outings, kids friendly, kids parties, outdoor catering and many more. Thus these are some of the simi larities in the two chosen cybermediaries of the New Zealand Restaurant Industry. 5P ag e 2. 1 Differences The selected websites are for a particular restaurant industry and thus needs to signalise from each other in order to create their own reputation and market image. Menu Mania Whats New The website gives the information about the new things happening in the particular area.This role gives information about the new menus, the new photos of the restaurants that the customers have uploaded and the reviews about the two. Browse by Price This is an extra feature provided in order to help the customers to differentiate or categorize the restaurants according to the price of the food they sell. They categorize the restaurants as Cheap (Under $15), Moderate ($15 $25), Spendy ($25 $35) and Splurge (Above $35). Hot in urban center This segment of the website gives the information about the latest restaurants in the particular area.It gives the information about the good restaurants for different cuisines like Japanese, Asian, A La Carte, Middle Eastern, speedy Food and many more. 6P ag e Latest News This section of the website gives the latest information about the new updates on the website, restaurants, cuisines, nicety and others. It also gives the information about the various competitions and awards happening in the restaurant industry. Special Offers The special offer section of the website gives the special deals to their customers from the restaurants that offer them. Browse by more features This section of the website gives the customers to browse the restaurants on other features like the restaurants Good for Groups, Outdoor Seating, Wifi Access, BYO and Wheelchair Accessible restaurants. Menus Categories of Venues This website gives the option to the customers to choose venues more easily by categorizing the restaurants as Bars & Bistros, Cafes, Pubs, Restaurants, Takeaway Foods, Wine Bars and Wineries & Vineyards. 7P ag e Craving just aboutt hing? This is a special section of the website that helps the customers to view some of the best restaurants for the particular food item they wish to eat. Reservation Facilities This website gives the option to the customers to do reservation for the restaurants they wish to go. This is very beneficial for the customers, as they view the comments or feedback for the restaurant and then do the reservation for the same. Competitions They organize competitions for the customers who visit their website. They give away prices for the winners in the form of gift vouchers or coupons for the various restaurants. Menu Articles This section of the website gives the customers an option for reading articles for different sections like General Interest, Where to Eat, Best for and Spotlight Recipes This section of the website gives the recipes for different cuisines. These recipes are uploaded by the different customers. 8P ag e 3. 0 CONSUMER BENEFITS The selected cybermediaries of the New Zea land Restaurant Industry have several benefits for the customers, who visit their websites. ? These websites provide the customers or the food lovers with a platform to give their judicial decision or review about their experience of a particular restaurant or a local eating place so it can be positive or negative.For Example if a person had some very good experience about a particular restaurant, then he can come to the website, and write about his experience on the listing of that restaurant. ? Based on the reviews or comments of other people, its gives a fair idea about the restaurants or eating places to the other customers. Hence it becomes much easier for them to choose good restaurants from the list. For Example if a person is searching restaurant for Japanese food, then it becomes easy for him to check which one to go in, on the basis of the reviews and comments of the other customers who had already visited the restaurant. These websites also categorize the different eati ng places into different types such as Bars, Cafes, Restaurants, Takeaways and many more. ? They also provide the customers with the different search options, which make it easy for them to choose the restaurants or other places according to the type of the cuisine, location, occasion, price and other features. 9P ag e ? These websites have special sections in which they provide the special offers or deals of the different restaurants that use this medium as a mode of marketing themselves. ?They also make use of the latest technologies like the Mobile Applications, which makes it more convenient for the customers to access the information. For example if a customer wants to suddenly find a restaurant providing the best Chinese food, while he is driving he can check on his mobile application for the best Chinese restaurant/takeaway in the particular location. ? These websites also provide a lot of extra information to their viewers in the form of articles related to the restaurant in dustry, award functions, competitions and others. ? These are also a very good platform for the food lovers and the ones who try making new dishes.The people can upload their own recipes and others can set new recipes and comment on these recipes. ? These websites along with finding the proper restaurant also provide the customers with the details of restaurant like the menu, contact details and timings. Some of them also provide them with the extra facility of reservation or booking a table at their chosen restaurant. For Example the customer can find a good place for eating Thai food from the lists, now they can use the reservation facilities provided and can book a table for the numbers pool of prop 10 P a g e 4. REVENUE MODEL The revenue sit of any E-business is the model which shows how the company generates revenue for the particular period of time. The cybermediaries identified for the New Zealand Restaurant industry also have some particular revenue models which helps th e companies to make revenue from the services they provide. The revenue model for the identified cybermediaries www. menumania. co. nz can be considered to be consisting of one major way and that is the Advertisement Charges. 4. 1 Advertising Charges Menu Mania website offers two different kinds of denote options.The first option is Restaurant Advertising where in businesses related to the restaurant industry can give their ads on the website and the second option is Banner/ presentation Advertising where companies other than the restaurant industry can give their ads. 4. 1. 1 Restaurant Advertising In the first option of advertising the restaurants or the eating places give their ads. These ads are featured at two places in the website namely on the top of the search result for that particular category in which the restaurants falls and in between the other restaurant scalawags. 1 P a g e On the Top of the Search Result Between the page of other Restaurant 12 P a g e They have weekly charges for giving advertisements, they charge $12/week if the customer pays for one whole year or they charge $13/week for one month. They also have option of pay the whole amount at one go that is $600 + GST for one year or $55 + GST for one month. They also give their customers a special option of 30 days free campaign and if customer wants to continue advertising they charge $15. 92 + GST/ Week or $69 per month.They also provide 20% discount to the members of the Restaurant Association or the Hospitality Association (Menu Mania). 4. 1. 2 Banner / Display Advertising In the second option of advertising, any company can give ads on the website of Menu Mania at the fixed location. The advertising banners are on the right side of the website. 13 P a g e 5. 0 end Thus it can be concluded that with the development of the internet, there is development of different businesses which are only virtually present on the web. These cybermediaries are steadying to both the custome rs as well as the businesses.The businesses get a better way to promote their business to the particular targeted audience and in the same way the customers get the benefits of the price comparison, product comparison, get to know news products and services. Hence the cybermediaries are main source of information for the customers irrespective of the industry the customer is expression for. 14 P a g e REFERENCES Chaffey, D. E-Business & E-Commerce Management. Prentice Hall Pearson Education Limited. Menu Mania. (n. d. ). Retrieved Nov 2012, from Menu Mania http//www. menumania. co. nz/restaurants/browse/auckland-city Menu Mania. n. d. ). Advertising on MenuMania. Retrieved Nov 2012, from Menu Mania http//www. menumania. co. nz/restaurant/advertising. php Menus. (n. d. ). Retrieved Nov, from Menus http//www. menus. co. nz/ Menus. (n. d. ). Why should I list my business on Menus? Retrieved Nov 2012, from Menus http//www. menus. co. nz/help/list-business/ The National B2B Centre. (n . d. ). What is E-Business? Retrieved November 2012, from http//www. nb2bc. co. uk/what_is_ebusiness/ Vidal, D. (2012). E-Business. Lecture Notes / Module Slides . Auckland, New Zealand. 15 P a g e